The Stigma Associated With Mental Disorders Psychology Essay

The Stigma Associated With Mental Disorders Psychology Essay Many people believe that individuals with a disorder cannot function in society, whether its school, work, or relationships. Individual attitudes, judgments and beliefs play a hug role in reasons for stigma, mainly towards people with a mental disorder. Mental disorders are health conditions characterized by significant dysfunction in an individuals cognitions, emotions, or behavior that reflects a disturbance on the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning, and are not considered part of normal development of an individuals culture (American Psychiatric Association 2012). No one can be certain that there are direct stigmas, but the majority of individuals can identify with feeling a certain way towards those with disorders. It is speculated that there is a more negative than positive attitude towards the mentally disordered and may actually feel that way on an unreliable basis. In order to really understand the reasons behind this, we have to understand things like self-stigmatization and public awareness and knowledge. Key aspects, other than stigma, have to be understood in order to grasp the reasons behind negative judgments against others. Stigma, as defined by Link and Phelan, is the co-occurrence of its components- labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination-and further indicate that for stigmatization to occur, power must be exercised (2001). Power can come in many different forms, such as family, friends, media, and influential figures. Stigma is also most powerful when the disorder is considered as severe and is coupled with inappropriate environmental responses (ex. incongruous verbal remarks or erratic behavior) (Martin 2007). Stigma and its effects are distinguished into two forms, public and self-stigma. Public stigma perceives as individuals with a mental disorder as: being dangerous, being unpredictable, being difficult to talk with, having only themselves to blame, distrustful, being able to pull themselves together, an embarrassment, having a poor outcome and responding poorly to treatment (Crisp 2000; Martin 2007). In one study conducted through media influences, it was found that heavy exposure to the medias version of mental illnesses creates not only misinformation about crime and those who commit crime, but generates intolerance towards individuals with a mental illness and negatively impacts the publics opinion on mental health. Opposing this negative opinion, a companion study discovered that the majority of people with a mental illness never commit violent acts. Even though they are more likely to be the victim, the public overstresses their personal risk and the frequency of violence committed by individuals afflicted with mental disorders (Stuart 2006). It is this type of generalization that leads to self-stigma and distrust in those with mental disorders. Everyone has a different reaction to stigma. Some use it to empower their actions and apply it to treatment, while others are not affected by the stigma at all. Some people, on the other hand, internalize that stigma, and it becomes like a disease all its own. Stigma results in lowered self-esteem and self-efficacy (Watson, Corrigan, Larson, Sells 2007). Self-esteem is defined as varied and complex mental states pertaining to how one views oneself (Bailey 2003), while self- efficacy refers to a persons belief about ones ability to perform a specific behavior (LudÄ ne). To experience self-stigma, the person must be aware of the stereotypes that describe a stigmatized group (e.g., people with mental illness are to blame for their disorder) and agree with them. These two factors, though, are enough to be classified as self-stigma. The third factor that has to be included is application. The individual must apply stereotypes to ones self, I am mentally ill so I must be to blame fo r my disorder. This perspective represents self-stigma as a hierarchical relationship; a person with mental illness must first be aware of corresponding stereotypes before agreeing with them and applying self-stigma to themselves (Watson 2007). The public can view a person with a mental disorder in two ways, either positive or negative. During our research we predicted that there will be more negative thoughts than positive thoughts as the public views a person with a mental disorder. As previously defined, mental disorders are health conditions characterized by significant dysfunction in an individuals cognitions, emotions, or behavior. (American Psychiatric Association 2012). Mental disorders usually fall on Axis I of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual- IV (DSM). The goal of our study is to examine the publics perceptions of mental illness and to determine how individuals with these mental problems recognize and seek help. Studies have shown that more than two thirds of people experience mental health problems. It is thought that lack of knowledge about mental illness, the stigma of mental illness, and ignorance about effective treatments play an important role in lack of treatment seeking. The study of public attitude s toward mental illness and persons with mental illness has mostly been the domain of mental health professionals, namely psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric social workers, academics in those related fields, and psychiatric programs directors and administrators. Deinstitutionalization, defined as replacement of long-stay psychiatric hospitals with smaller, less isolated community-based alternatives for the care of mentally ill people, and the problems associated with implementation of community-based mental health care brought mental illness into the public sphere. According to the survey results, a majority of Americans believe that the number of people with mental illness has increased over the past twenty years and that mental illness is a serious health problem in the United States. An impressive number of Americans report personal experience with mental illness and mental health professionals. Approximately sixteen percent of all survey respondents said that they have so ught the professional services of a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health professionals. Americans believe that mental illness is caused by physical disturbances (such as a chemical imbalance in the brain) or environmental conditions (such as the stress of daily life or alcoholism/ drug abuse). Survey responses reveal that a majority of Americans agree that maintaining a normal life in the community will help a person with mental illness get better and that with treatment, most individuals with serious mental illness can get well and return to productive lives. In addition, pluralities of Americans do not agree that mental health facilities should be kept out of residential neighborhoods or that mental illness can never be cured. Furthermore, the vast majority of Americans do not agree that the best way to handle the mentally ill is to keep them behind locked doors. (Bornstein 1992). In conclusion, there is a lot of controversy over who has a mental illness and not, how people with mental illness should be treated in society, and if there should be locked up or not. Studies have stated that two thirds of people have a mental illness, but most will not seek help due to lack of knowledge or fear of being judged and labeled. This group of individuals lives healthy lives, have decent jobs, and most have healthy relationships. If these who have not labeled can, then some of the mentally ill that have been labeled should be able to also. But due to being labeled and judged they do not get the chance. If society as a whole would try to learn more about being mentally ill and how their judging and discriminating affects people with mental illness, society would work better together and the people who need professional help with their mental illnesses will no longer be fearful of being judged nor being locked up. Most Americans believe only people who have done something wrong should be locked up, but because of most mental patients being locked up in the past people are still fearful of this as being in their future if its known they have an illness. With knowledge and wiliness to be patient society can get lower the stigma and help reduce the fear of being ridiculed for being mentally ill.

Theories of varied motivation in psychology

It is said that entire psychology is about the study of motivation itself. In fact the science of psychology evolved to explain, answer and reason the ‘why’ of human behavior. Motivation holds the answer to this ‘why’ because when we attempt to reason for a particular behavior or attitude then basically we are finding the motivations responsible for that particular behavior (Gorman, 2003, 1). People perform a variety of actions through multiple roles according to their dominant motivation that guides their behavior. In psychological studies the implicit motivations determining human behavior are not only considered from point of view of biological drives and neurological impetus but they are also explained by relational aspect of human behavior where motivation is a dynamic aspect of the behavior that helps people to interact with the world (Nuttin, 1984,1).   Many theorist attempt to offer generalized explanation for a majority of human actions purely in terms of natural instinct or sudden impulse. Even the people engaged in performing those actions may also agree to this viewpoint. However, the theory of instinct and impulse presents an incomplete rational because there are critical external factors and attractions that also contribute towards the particular motivation. Therefore human motivation is a dynamic product of combination of intrinsic human traits as well as their environmental setting. Another important factor that plays an important role in explaining motivational factors in behavior is human emotion (Gorman, 2003, 89). Human beings experience a number of emotional states that continue to fluctuate and they act as causative factors in a large number of actions undertaken by them. As a matter of fact, motivation is a product of a very complex process of internal and external interaction of human beings with themselves and their surrounding and it acts as stimulant and provide energy for their behaviors and consequent actions. Psychoanalytic Explanation of motives Motives interests psychologist because they provide insight into the character and approach of individuals, providing psychologists with test materials on which they can further form and expand their theories. The reasons of specific actions, such as why did a person steal, why did he commit a murder, why did he participate in a cause where he was not interested, or why did he contributed a majority of his wealth to charitable causes can perhaps be better understood if the motives behind them are sought. The implicit notion is that there are some actions which deviant to a person’s characteristics and those that are difficult be explained by any standard rule based system (Peters, 1958, 28). Psychologists, in their attempts to explore the motives, that is the set of specific reasons for deviant as well as normal actions have given considerable attention to the unconscious self of human beings of which they are themselves unaware. The unconscious self is composed of repressed feelings of deprivations, unfulfilled desires and infant sexuality and it subtly acts on every human being to set the framework of many of their actions (Peters, 1958, 55). This theory of unconscious mental process, as proposed by Freud, and the psychoanalytic explanations it offered, did not profess to explain the entire gamut of human behaviors, but it certainly provided a more panoramic view to cause and reasons of many human actions that were hitherto conventionally explained on mere visible evidences. According to the new wisdom, actions performed by people have a long and complicated background and though they may appear final or conclusive in their immediate bearing, they are part of a long chain of interconnected events. Therefore even the simple question that why did John walk across the road take vast proportion in psychology. As explained by Peters (4), the simple answer that John crosses the road to buy some tobacco is insufficient, even though John himself in unaware of any other motive. To a psychologist, in crossing the road to buy tobacco, John is conforming to many social and cultural stereotypes such as he is not running or crawling across the road to get the tobacco (ibid, 5). If John had run, then his goal of obtaining tobacco would had fallen incommensurate with his action that should had warranted more urgent justification. However as John walks across the road, it indicates that procuring tobacco is a kind of activity that should be accomplished in a normal behavioral conduct to make it appear as an appropriate social function. A psychologist might further argue that John has secret liking for tobacconist’s girl, and he goes to the particular shop to see that girl, though he may himself be not aware of this. Another explanation might be offered that John had an unconscious disliking of work from which he wanted to escape and the act of going to tobacconist was a way for him to stay away from the unpleasant work. Its important to see here that in neither of these explanations John himself is aware of any other reason other than buying tobacco, but each of the region, both of them or several others can be true to the case. The Biological Approach to Motives The biological or physiological aspects of motives are perhaps the earliest explanations that were offered to reason for motives behind human actions and behaviors. This approach views human as ‘drive-oriented’ animals who are more the product of biological factors of cellular and neurochemical reactions, acting through our genetic traits alone and spurred by release of hormones to various actions. This physiological analysis puts instinct as the primary reason behind every human action and its framework basic human instincts such as desire to eat, drink, sleep and have sex combine to form the further ramifications of human behavior (Gorman, 2003,14). In this model, drives for specific actions stimulate people and they respond accordingly in their behavior. It states that behavior of people is the result of homeostasis, that is, the tendency to maintain a stable internal environment of body. Body responds to any deprivation that threatens the stability of internal equilibrium and unleashes corresponding behavior to correct it (Weiner, 1980, 11). Thus homeostasis drive theory accounts for situations where a person may be compelled to steal food if he is hungry, or run if he is threatened, as maintaining the internal equilibrium is principle motive of any living organism. Behavioral approach to motives As Nuttin (1984, 16) states, understanding of motivational process is critically dependent on understanding of dynamic aspects of human behavior. In the field of psychology behavior refers to cognitive activities that an individual performs in the context of a behavioral world (ibid, 17). These activities can not be understood if they are treated separately, and therefore an integrated model of behavior interpretation is required that views that takes a complete and related view of all the processes in the living organism. According to the behavioral model, the various biochemical functions and basic drives are encompassed by behavior that gives these individual traits their full meaning and purpose (ibid, 18). As such hunger, thirst, sleep, sex drive, fear, ecstasy, loyalty etc are not isolated factors in determining motives. Instead they are integrated as part of the behavioral structure that creates a sense of organic continuity. Thus seeing changes to watching and hearing changes to listening in the behavioral model. Various theories and models in the field of social behavior have come with suggestion that human behavior reflects a person’s intent to act (Orbell, 2004, 145). According to each of these models it is possible to predict behavior from intentions and behavioral control displayed by a person. Behavioral characteristics can successfully account for specific types of motivations seen with various actions. For example, harvesting, hunting and fishing are quite different behaviors, yet they are done with the same objective of procuring food. Similarly, despite their different behavioral traits, people are essentially same every where, in the sense that they seek love, trust, social respect, and financial stability, thus acting through almost identical motivational drives. Within the behavioral system, a form of unity and cohesion is attempted out of multiple elements interacting together in a motivational setup (Nuttin, 1984, 84). Humanistic Approach to Motives The humanistic approach in describing different motives for human actions is a relatively new field. Its fundamental principles, as stated by Weiner(1980, 409) are 1. Humanistic psychology studies people in their real life circumstances, where humans are subjects of the study, rather than object. People are described in their own consciousness and perceptions and the reasons and motives of their actions are placed along with their individuality, in a holistic and complete framework. 2. Humanistic psychologists also believe that human choice, will, their desire to move ahead in life, to grow and realize their potentials contribute to their actions, behavior and approach to life. 3. The dominant characteristics of any individual is to achieve personal potential, and develop their capacities and talents to highest level. Thus the central motivation in an individual’s life is to grow, move ahead and develop his or her own self. Conclusion Human actions would continue to be defined, analyzed and interpreted from a number of points of view, according to various theories, models and approaches to understand its complexity and give complete meaning to its attributes, in order to evolve a wholesome picture of factors that motivates people towards a varied degree of actions. Motivations can be best understood from the dynamics of behavior and the integrated setup that provides basis for planning, thinking, action and achievements of goals to people. Further, people are motivated to different actions based on their own perception of needs and requirements as well acting through their subconscious self, which explains for the difference in their perceived reason of their certain steps from the actual reasons justifying it. Reference Gorman, P, 2003, Motivation and Emotion, Routledge, New York. Nuttin, J, 1984, Motivation, Planning, and Action: A Relational Theory of Behavior Dynamics, (trnsltr) Jean E. Dumas ,, Raymond P. Lorion , Leuven University Press; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Leuven, Belgium. Orbell, S, 2004, Contemporary Perspectives on the Psychology of Attitudes: The Cardiff Symposium. (edit ) Geoffrey Haddock,   Gregory R. Maio, Psychology Press. Hove, England. Peters RS, 1985,The Concept of Motivation. Routledge & Kegan Paul :London Weiner, H, 1980, Human Motivation, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ   

A Response Paper On Christopher Steiner’s

Christopher Steiner’s article entitled ‘Authenticity, Repetition, and the Aesthetics of Seriality’ talks about the ‘mechanical reproduction of art’ at the height of technological improvement and technical production nowadays.He discusses Walter Benjamin’s essay entitled ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’ in the issue that: first, mechanical reproduction is not just a new form of technical production but engenders â€Å"an entirely new philosophy of production in which the work of art is emancipated† (Steiner 88); and second, that the mechanical reproduction and consumption of art makes the object more accessible to wider population (88).His argument, therefore, is that â€Å"to justify the authenticity of tourist art one must begin from an entirely different starting point† (89), since tourist art should be viewed as a culturally valid, authentic art.   He argues that mass-produced art carries a n authenticity, which it shares with other mass-produced objects in the industry.What I argue, however, is that mechanical reproduction of art does not carry anymore the authenticity and validity of what a true art should be—that it should be an expression of views, beliefs, and culture of an individual or a number of individuals.   Objects that undergo mass production are merely ‘reproductions’ of the original item.   The true ‘art’ is in its originality.This means that, although the reproduced object is an exact image of the original object, it is merely a mimic and is not an expression of the self.   When it comes to being culturally valid, however, I agree that objects that undergo mass production are, indeed, culturally valid, since it reveals a certain aspect of culture that, though reproduced again and again, still holds the originality and the individuality that the culture and the people reflect.Art is like what a human being is: it is a reflection of culture and society, yet it cannot be an exact replication of the other—for there is none like it.   Mass-produced objects of art contain authenticity and validity in terms of culture art, but not as an individual art.Works CitedSteiner, Christopher.   â€Å"Authenticity, Repetition, and the Aesthetics of Seriality: The Work of Tourist Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction.†Ã‚   [name of book].   Ed. [name of editor].   Place: publisher, year.   87-103.

Cafe Society - 1016 Words

CAFÉ SOCIETY, A TIMELESS ALLURE LINGERING OVER COFFEE IN THE COMPANY OF OTHERS IS A RITUAL THAT NEVER LOSES ITS APPEAL: MUCH HAS CHANGED OVER THE GENERATIONS, BUT THE GLOBAL CAFÉ SOCIETY KEEPS IT TIMELESS GLAMOUR In 1971, Starbucks was just a single bar in Seattle’s market plaza. Ten years later, the one location had become five, and the company began importing their own blends of coffee. The legend surrounding the birth of Starbucks tells of Howard Schulz, one of the company’s buyers, making a trip to Italy in 1983, and being astounded to learn that the Country had more than 200,000 cafà ©s selling espresso coffee and that Milan, a city the size of Philadelphia, had more than 1,500. Why couldn’t it be the same in the†¦show more content†¦And who could ignore Paris’s oldest literary cafà © Procope, or the city’s iconic Cafà ¨ Flore or the legendary Les Deux Magots, on the corner of Place Saint-Germain-des-Prà ©s: all beloved places for 20th Century artists and intellectuals like Pablo Picasso, Ernest Hemingway, Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. But in the first half of the 20th Century, it wasn’t just highbrow culture that was discussed in New York or European capital cities. Cafà ©s were a magnet for bohemians with their disorderly lives, bourgeois women who were in search of adventure and models who’d appear in sophisticated clothes and jewels, like those featured in the photos by Cecil Beaton for Vogue. These were the cafà ©s for the sophisticated avant-garde culture made up of ‘beautiful people’ and ‘bright young things’, a generation that would become immortalized with the name ‘Cafà © Society’, which was a term coined by the columnist for the New York American, Maury Paul, whose writings inspired the 1938 film by Paramount Pictures, Cafe Society. In the U.S, the rise of ‘Cafe Society’ coincided with the end of Prohibition (December, 1933) and the growing popularity of photojournalism. All of a sudden, photographers were taking pictures of everything, everywhere – as long as there was someone famous in the shot. Millionaires, starlets, sports stars, and of course, the luminaries of ‘Cafà © Society’. And it was inShow MoreRelatedFeasibility Study on Internet Cafe Chapter 17099 Words   |  29 Pagesapplications to virtual reality environments where participants will interact with each other. The researchers of this study decided to put up an Internet cafà © to provide information and service to the public by adopting it in the continuing growth of our economy that can further boost the progress of our nation. Background of the Study Nowadays, internet cafes are really in demand because of the fast changing technology that the people embraced. Some have their own laptops and bring it to coffee shops soRead MoreDesign - Student Center Case Study and Analysis (Complete)5503 Words   |  23 Pageslandscape architects modified the strategy. Around a cluster of five new, low-lying, rectilinear volumes, linked underground or by bridges, they created a continuous, layered field of outdoor habitable spaces: courtyards, gardens, green roofs, paths, a cafe, and lookouts, all facing the sea. This rich continuum integrates the formerly disjointed upper and lower campuses, negotiating elevation changes from hilltop to waterfront. Inspiration for scale and massing came from the campus’s historic sectionRead MoreFried Green Tomatoes At The Whistle Stop Cafe1638 Words   |  7 Pagesover there the other night. As soon as you set one foot in that gate, they’d shoot your head off in a minute† (Flagg 145). This is a prime example of one of many horrid quotes from the distinguished novel, Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. This novel was written by Fannie Flagg during the 1980’s. It was a time that bigot minded voters sought for change and a backlash on the American Civil Rights era. Fannie Flagg was known as a witty humored, powerful activist, and the comedian thatRead MoreReflection Of The Loafe Cafe898 Words   |  4 PagesI selected the Loafe Cafe at UBC to study while doing this write up. From previous encounters, I have noticed it to be a very rich and intriguing cafe to become an observer of. There were many compelling observations I made which caused me to realize th e amount of connections this course has to everyday life as a student and member of society. In this day and age, our interactions, daily vernacular, and social presence have all been affected and in some ways shaped by media. There was some veryRead MoreVictoria Geisen. Professor Bolduc. Bus180. October 19,1007 Words   |  5 PagesVictoria Geisen Professor Bolduc BUS180 October 19, 2015 Smoothie Cafà © Bar With the surge in healthy and organic food and drink consumption worldwide, a Smoothie Cafà © Bar would be an excellent start up business that has the potential to grow not only locally, but nationally as well. In addition to coffee, regular decaffeinated and espresso, the Smoothie Cafe Bar would offer customers a healthy menu of organic fruits and vegetables, along with vitamins added to fresh juices and/or dairy products enablingRead MoreInternet Cafe Time Monitoring System1488 Words   |  6 PagesPAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA INTERNET CAFÉ MANAGEMENT SYSTEM by In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject I.T. Research CHAPTER I Background of the Study Information technology at the present time is vast and progressive. It is being integrated to almost most of our daily activities. It is so progressive that one must always be informed and skilled to keep pace of the changing technology. With this reality, many ideas and improvements are designed andRead MoreWilliam Hemingway s The Cafe 1246 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the older waiter turns off the light to the cafe and closes up, he then proceeds to carry the conversation with himself. This again, displays his loneliness. The text states, â€Å"Turning off the electric light he continue the conversation with himself. It is the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dingily although hat is all that is provided for these hours† (HemingwayRead MoreA Night At The Perk1684 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pace Perk Cafà ©. The Pace Perk Cafà © is o ne of the four student run business on campus at Pace University. It offers opportunities to Lubin school of business students to learn how to manage their own business in a practical and real-world setting. Working for the Pace Perk Cafà © provides insights for students who someday intend to be entrepreneurs. â€Å"Affectionately referred to as the â€Å"The Perk† on campus, this cafà © is located in the basement of the Martin Hall Dormitory. The cafà © serves hot/coldRead MoreThe Components Of Starbucks Organizational Culture1432 Words   |  6 Pagesadministration s part with making and managing the authoritative society. Hierarchical society has a huge effect on the general execution of an organization. Authoritative society is the arrangement of imparted, underestimated verifiable presumptions that a gathering holds and that decides how it sees, contemplates, and responds to its different surroundings (Barney, 1986). In this paper, I will inspect the components of Starbucks hierarchical society that added to its accomplishment in a worldwide economyRead MoreCultural Critique Of Japanese Cafes1400 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese Cafà ©s In Japan, there are many aspects that make it attractive to the human eye. One of those things is the abundant ‘kawaii’ attributes. ‘Kawaii’ is a Japanese word used to reference things that are cute or adorable. A couple of examples would be kitty keychains, ice cream earrings, and pink owl sharpeners. However, they don’t always have to be something small. Another common attraction in Japan that’s considered ‘kawaii’ are the various themed cafà ©s, or restaurants. The cafà ©s in Japan

The Main Elements Of Plato s Cave - 1152 Words

â€Å"We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light† – Plato In this paper the main elements of Plato’s cave will be described along with a short explanation of Plato’s theory of forms, which is what the cave allegory is attempting to address. A brief description of the plot of the movie â€Å"The Island â€Å"will follow. This will be followed by an explanation of how the movie correlates to the elements of Plato’s cave. Finally, the conclusion will discuss what Plato was hoping to achieve with the cave allegory. Over the course of many years Plato, the great Greek philosopher, wrote in his dialogs about his beliefs about reality. His theory of forms was meant to answer metaphysical questions such as what exists; what is real? According to Ian Bruce â€Å"the theory basically postulates the existence of a level of reality or world inhabited by the ideal or archetypal forms of all things and concepts. Thus a form exists for objects like tables and rocks and for concepts such as beauty and justice.† Plato discusses how objects and concepts change over time (what our senses perceive), and also how all objects and concepts have a â€Å"form† or basic essence which transcends time. Reality for Plato is the form of an object or concept. The cave allegory attempts to explain Plato’s theory of forms. In Plato’s cave prisoners are seated and shackled so they cannot move their heads from side –to- side. TheyShow MoreRelatedExplain the Criticisms of Platos Theory of the Forms.1584 Words   |  7 Pagesworld of forms. This world, to Plato, is more real than the one we live in. His theory is shown in his Allegory of the Cave (from The Republic, Book VII), where the prisoners only live in what they think is a real world, but really it is a shadow of reality. According to Plato, to the prisoners in the allegory and to humanity in the material world truth would be literally nothing but shadows and he believes us to be as ignorant as the people in the cave. Plato followed the belief that in orderRead MorePlato Vs Aristotle On Politics And Philosophy1899 Words   |  8 PagesPlato versus Aristotle Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphael s School of Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an essential factor. It is not coincidental thatRead MoreThales : The Milesian Philosophers Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pages This is where Anaximander chose an element that was unobserved, and undefined, and he called this element ‘apeiron’. Just like water, it would make be the main source of all things and it would be different from the four main elements; water, earth, air, and fire. Apeiron translates into inf inite or boundless. Lastly we have Anaximenes who did agreed with Thales that everything was in made of one traditional element, and he believed that this one element was air rather than water. He also createdRead More Matthew Arnold versus Aristotles Poetics Essay examples3833 Words   |  16 PagesThe value of imitation: a vision of Aristotles Poetics Aristotle wrote his Poetics thousands of years before Matthew Arnolds birth. His reasons for composing it were different from Arnolds reasons for using it as an element of his own poetic criticism. We can safely say that Arnold was inclined to use the Poetics as an inspiration for his own poetry, and as a cultural weapon in the fight for artistic and social renewal. Aristotle, by contrast, was more concerned with discovering general truthsRead MoreRealism and Film Form1980 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"civilization†, and eventually art, and what translates into human’s metaphysical desire to perpetuate existance beyond death. The argument of immortality as a determination for ancient and modern art as well as civilastion is developed by Stephen Cave in his book â€Å"Seeking immortality† through four narrative paths, for which he establishes the following starting point: All living things seek to perpetuate themselves into the future, but humans seek to perpetuate themselves forever. This seeking—thisRead MoreThe Evolution Of Music Throughout Ancient Egypt And Mesopotamia2480 Words   |  10 Pageshistory to complex instruments and systems later in time. Any way it was produced, the role music played was one of the most important in ancient societies. The earliest sign of music was discovered in architectural sites of Mesopotamia. Some of the main evidence that music was an important part of Ancient Mesopotamian society was writing about it found on ancient stone tablets. So far, ten tablets with writings concerning musical scales have been found in sites around Ur and other ancient cities suchRead MoreLiterature Review Internet4548 Words   |  19 Pagespublic schools. People had high expectations for educational use that were not attained. This low level of development continued though the 1960s, 1970s (the PLATO system) and the 1980s. Also in the 1980’s, Papert developed the Logo programming language and children learned to develop simple programming skills (LeFrancois, 2006). By the mid 1980’s, computer use in the schools had expanded to 40% of United States elementary schools and almost twice that in the high schools. By the mid 1990s, computersRead MoreOrigin of International Law5357 Words   |  22 Pagesin the past it has been living in caves, as the time passed man gradually became civilized and started living in communities. In past there were no laws and rules to be followed by the human being. In the long march of mankind from the cave to the computer a central role has always been played by the idea of law- the idea that order is necessary and chaos inimical to a just and stable existence. Every society has a framework of principles to develop. Law is element which binds the members of communityRead MoreThe Implication of Paulo Freires Banking Concept to the 8.4.4 System of Education in Kenya9634 Words   |  39 Pageseffectively there must be a cadre of competent teachers who have the zeal to see the learners fully grasp the contents presented and a curriculum which is convenient to the learners. Education is imparted to learners so as to bring them out of the dark cave of ignorance to the bright side of liberation. It is from this reason that the learner is taken through education so as to enhance his own development. Someone is considered to be educated if he has spent a number of years in school and has, as a resultRead MoreColombian Folklore5889 Words   |  24 Pagestraditional  folk tales  and stories about  legendary creatures  which are transmitted orally and kept for next  generations  to come. Some of them are common with other  Latin American  countries. The Colombian folklore has strong influe nces from  Spanish culture, with elements of  African  and  native American cultures. ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Relevancy This folkloric entities are present in the  carnivals and festivals  countrywide. The â€Å"Desfiles de Mitos y Leyendas† (myths  and  legends  parades)

Fahrenheit 451 Hero Journey - 1742 Words

Shafee Syed-Quadri Ms. Rooney English 10 H/ P6 29 September 2017 The Journey of a Fireman It was a pleasure to burn† (Bradbury 1). This quote represents the protagonist, Montag’s initial perspective of fire. Montag was content with his life and his job in this scene. However, all of this was to change. In Ray Bradbury’s dystopian fiction Fahrenheit 451, Montag lives in a society where reading books is illegal. Montag’s job as a fireman is to burn books and anyone who owns them. After an interesting encounter with Clarisse, Montag realizes that he has been fooled all his life. He realizes that books hold an infinite amount of knowledge. This novel follows Montag’s journey and crusade to learn the wonders books hold. From the call to†¦show more content†¦As deliberations whirl through his mind, Montag finally feels a sickness and discomfort. â€Å"How rarely did other people’s faces take of you and throw back to you your own expression, your innermost trembling thought?† (8). This illustrates that Clarisse brought a rumination out of Montag. Montag no longer is at ease with his line of work. This event represents the call to adventure for Montag as Clarisse made him ponder for the first time in a long time. The scene following portrays the crossing of the threshold into a new world for Montag. Montag, now confused and disconcerted, enters his new world. The crossing here is symbolized by the entrance through a doorway. â€Å"He opened the bedroom door† (9). The threshold scene in many books and movies is exemplified by the physical crossing of some sort. It may be portrayed by the action of entering a portal, boarding a plane, or getting on a boat to another land. Here, the physical object was a doorway. The paragraph following exhibits a distinction in descriptive terms compared to the scene with Clarisse. In his encounter with the 17-year-old girl, the words â€Å"slender†¦ milk-white†¦ gentle†¦ and whispered† (3) were employed. In the sce ne when Montag enters his bedroom, the phrases â€Å"cold, marbled room†¦ complete darkness, not a hint of the silver world outside†¦ the chamber a tomb-world where no sound could penetrate† (9) were used. In terms of illustrative usage,Show MoreRelated`` Fahrenheit 451 And The Sniper ``1643 Words   |  7 Pagesthe definition of a hero can be very elusive. Many kids believe that heroes have to be athletic and robust, but as they grow up, they realize a hero s actions and thoughts can be more influential than their physical abilities. It can be difficult to determine what elements make up a hero. However, by examining heroes in different stories, the elements of what makes a hero can become clearer. Classic heroes in The Odyssey can be examined, along with the heroes in Fahrenheit 451 and The Sniper. ByRead MoreEssay Fahrenheit 451707 Words   |  3 Pagesto create the Heroes journey, and make it take on a much greater meaning than the reader or Hero had previousl y believed. For example, the fireman Guy Montag originally he had wanted to be able to understand his own life, and the paradoxes in it, with the help of the books he was secretly saving from the other firemen. Montag can be considered the Hero in Fahrenheit 451, although most of his steps toward his goals are uncoordinated and clumsy. In the time that Fahrenheit 451, had take place, booksRead MoreFire And Water : Facing Your Fears And Crossing Your Boundaries1427 Words   |  6 Pagesstrength confidence and courage by every experience in which you stop and really take the time to stop and look fear in the face† (Eleanor Roosevelt) Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, and The Truman Show both present the trials but the overall triumphs of Truman and Montag and their journeys to victory. While exploring and pondering upon the text, Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, certain themes appear that connect to The Truman Show which together suggest that knowing your fears and boundaries is certainlyRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1234 Words   |  5 Pages451 fahrenheit After reading the book â€Å"451 Fahrenheit† I have come to the conclusion that in the story, Bradbury ties personal freedom to the right of an individual having the liberty of expression when he utilizes the issue of censorship in Fahrenheit 451. It plays an enormous role and is noted to be the most important theme. In the futuristic world of Fahrenheit 451, firemen start fires rather than extinguishing them. People of this society do not think independently nor do they have importantRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511633 Words   |  7 PagesBradbury’s Fahrenheit 451: Dissecting the Hero’s Journey to Dystopic World Each person has a perception of the world. People are capable of judging the place they live in, human beings often find it either satisfactory or not. Creative writers have displayed similar, albeit different worlds in their works. They are similar in the way they portray societies with varied amounts of good and evil which may be reflective of how we view our own. On the other hand, they can also be different, as creativeRead MoreA Summary Of Joseph Campbell And The Monomyth1562 Words   |  7 Pagesreferred to as the monomyth. Joseph takes the North American country through the understanding of how the Hero’s journey and the monomyth relate to one another. Campbells theory of a hero’s journey is that the human psyche strives to make a literal or figurative journey. That journey primarily involves traveling to dangerous place, to bring back an associate object that may save the hero and/or society. Mythologist suggests that every culture has a different belief system and a different way to thinkRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4512532 Words   |  11 PagesRay Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is a magnificent masterpiece written to aid in visualizing what a distant future dystopian society would look like; one in which everyone lives in the fast lane, technology is at its crowning, void of human relations and instant satisfactions, as well as gratifications, are constantly being pursued. The novel was written during the era where communism and the holocaust began to sprout. Mr. Bradbury, being a patriot of his country, feared that society was leaning towardRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words à ‚  |  9 PagesThe analysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. The oppression of literature through innovation and technology can be analyzed throughRead MoreFire Does More Than Burn1943 Words   |  8 PagesThan Burn Raymond Douglas Ray Bradbury was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction author. Bradbury was a favorited 20th- and 21st-century American genre writer, most famously known for his novel Fahrenheit 451. Set in the 24th century, Fahrenheit 451 tells the story of Guy Montag. At first Montag loves his job as a fireman, burning illegally owned books and the homes of their owners. However, Montag soon begins to question the value of his profession and. Throughout theRead MoreFahrenheit 451 : A Trek3079 Words   |  13 PagesEmily Shea Professor Steinbrink AWR 201-P 09 Apr 2015 Fahrenheit 451: A Journey from Censorship to Literacy and Enlightenment Ray Bradbury’s seminal science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451 follows a future dystopia in which a government establishment has set up new rules for thinking and behaving, involving the abolition of books altogether. The world of Fahrenheit 451 features a government that has made reading and books illegal, with police (now known as â€Å"firemen†) tasked with tracking down books

Employee Relationship and Cultural Intelligence †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Employee Relationship and Cultural Intelligence. Answer: Introduction: An in-depth reading of the JKL industries would show that the poor diversity and networking condition. The case study reveals that the main business of the company consists of selling medium sized trucks. forklifts and ancillary parts. The company is shifting into overseas operations and looking forward to close its rental to strengthen the former business. This new business requirements of JKL would require the company to undergo a rapid change which has made it important for management to gain employee support. The employees suffer from lack of cooperation from the leaders and as a result did not trust them. The managers were not sensitive towards the cultural sentiments of the subordinates. This resulted in hostility among the managers and the subordinates and the latter used avoidance method to avoid conflict or confrontation with the former (Cascio 2018). The networking within the company was very weak due to this lack of understanding and trust. This resulted in weak communicat ion and business network with the external stakeholders which prevented the company of taking advantage of the business opportunities arising in the market. JKL is an Australian trucking company based in Sydney selling small and medium sized trucks and their spare parts. The mission of the company was to enhance the value of the customers and investors by the performing highly in the trucking market. The vision of JKL is to develop the potential of its human resources to ensure high organisation position in the market. The value of the company are high performance, value maximisation of stakeholder groups like invertors, employees and customers. The company also sought to bring about diversity management and sustainability in its business operations (Rice 2015). JKL industries worked in three business areas namely, sale of small and medium sized trucks, offering trucks on rent and providing aftersales services to its customers like spare parts. The company had a tall organisational structure under the leadership of the managing director who supervised the operations manager and finance and administration manager. The HR Manager and the senior business partner and the branch managers reported to the operations manager. The finance and accounts manager oversaw the operations of the accounts manager who in turn supervised the accountants. The branch managers oversaw the operations of the three lines of business namely sales, services and rentals under the leadership of their respective managers. The sales managers, the service managers and the rental managers had individual reporting departments (Trax, Brunow and Suedekum 2015). The financial requirements of JKL industries is $ 13 million. The policies of the trucking company showed that it had well laid organisational policies like risk management policies and diversity management policies. However, in contrary to following these policies, the managers were not sensitive towards the sentiments of the employees. The internal policies of the company showed lack of communication between mangers and their subordinates. The reason for these lacks of network, communication and prevalence of conflicts among managers and employees could be attributed to the tall structure of the organisational which prevented smooth flow of information within the company (Barak 2016). The given situation mentions that JKL Industries have both Christian and non-Christian employees. The situation presents that the non-Christian are suffering from sense of lack of belongingness due to lack of accommodation for them on the eve of Christmas. The anti-discrimination policies and equal opportunity policies of the company seek to enforce equal opportunities for all employees. The policy open with the information that the company values diversity among employees and look forward to create an organisational sans discrimination. The second piece of policies which upholds diversity management in the company is that all the employees can apply for training irrespective of their cultural backgrounds, age or any other discriminating grounds (Kraidy 2017). The policies JKL follows regarding anti-discrimination with the organisations follows the Racial Discrimination Act 1975. The act enforces equal opportunities to all the people living in Australia in the areas of profession, business and acquiring properties. The act overrules any state law that promotes discrimination in any form. Policies and processes prevailing in the organisations can contribute towards building of cultural diversity, ethical relationship among employees and strong inter-employee relationships. The anti-discrimination policies encourage managers to treat their subordinates equally and promote cultural diversity within the organisation. For example, the organisations can make facilities for non-Christian employees during Christmas. This would promote sense of importance among the non-Christian employees as well and enhance their relatedness to the organisations. This would create stronger bonds among the both the Christian and non-Christian employees which would ultimately lead to high organisational performances (Cahn and Abigail 2014). A change that be made within the policies, processes or communication to promote cultural diversity within JKL Industries is celebration of non-Christian festivals among the employees. This step would enable the non-Christian employees to relate to the organisation. The teams like the apex managers and the middle levels managers should be approached for approval regarding inclusion of non-Christian festivals within the organisation. The higher level managers can be communicated about the suggestion by holding meetings and sending them formal email (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The potential problem which can be anticipated from the senior managers is lack of approval to celebrate non-Christian festivals in the organisation. The case study mentions clearly that the senior managers lacked understanding about the cultural sentiments of the subordinates. One can infer in the light of this fact that the senior managers are most likely to oppose celebrating non-Christian festivals. The resistance of the team of senior managers regarding celebration of non-Christian festivals can be confronted by arranging a cultural training sessions for them. This strategy on one hand would promote cultural awareness among the managers and equality of treatment of employee irrespective of background within the organisation. The communication style to be adopted would be formal. The formal style of communication proved successful when the company adopted the decision to pull out of the truck rental market to concentrate on the truck sales market (Hon, Bloom and Crant 2014). Building of strong communication network with external stakeholders like customers and internal stakeholders like employees would enable positive personal and professional relationship between them. For example, if a strong communication network is developed within the organisation, it would develop higher levels of understanding between managers and their subordinates. Moreover, this approach communication would enforce stronger relationship among the departments which would translate into higher customer services by the company. This high level of customer services would generate high revenue that would ultimately enable the company to pay high returns on investments to investors. The company would be able to pay higher employees, thus ensuring their professional development. Moreover, it would enforce higher coordination and understanding among the employees, thus enforcing healthy personal relationship among them (Zahariadis and Exadaktylos 2016). However, the suggested networkin g channel should be formal like meetings and emails on official ids of employees which would enforce transparency as well. Managers join networks to deal with urgent situation like prevalence of lack of communication and conflict among the employees and their reporting managers. The networks are formal and the parties to the conflicts are trained to enhance their internal understanding. Trainings, meetings and mentoring development stronger relationship between managers and their subordinates in these situations. The networking built through training and mentoring pave ways better reducing conflict and enhance stronger coordination among employees and their managers, thus boosting overall organisational productivity (Karlsen 2015). Networking activity Person Schedule Description/Rationale of networking activity Accompanying seniors on client visits Sam and Alex 1 month This would enable developing understanding how to approach clients, deal with them, know their needs, how to adapt the companys products to their needs and ultimately convert them into customers Product training Sam 3 weeks Development of sound knowledge on the products Going on sales calls under senior supervision Sam and Alex 1 month Development of their own skills in customer relationship building and acquisition. Visiting existing clients for service and new business generation Alex 2 months Develop understanding of repeat business, gaining more in depth knowledge of client requirements, gaining references from clients etc. The role play of the HR business partners would be improving the organisational culture within JKL Industry. The case study mentions that the company is pulling out of the rental market to strengthen its position in the truck sales market. The business opportunity necessitates the company to acquire and retain talent to align them with the business strategies. The employees on the contrary suffer from insecurity which results in high employee turnover. The role of the HR manager in this case would be training the employees according to the new business requirements instead of making them feel insecure and ultimately leading to their resignation (Zahariadis and Exadaktylos 2016). The strategic and operational plans of JKL Industries show that the goals of the company is to benefit its stakeholders like customers and investors. The objective of JKL Industries is to developing and enhance the potential of its employees to enhance the satisfaction of customers and ROI of investors. The main stakeholders of the company can be divided into two groups, external and internal stakeholders. The internal stakeholders consists of employees, middle level managers and apex management. The case study mentions the external stakeholders of the JKL Industries are the investors, customers, suppliers and the government. The customers of JKL can be divided into three groups based on its three business lines. The customers of the sales division are the companies using medium and small sized trucks like the logistics companies. The rental customers are once again commercial organisations which hire trucks to serve their business needs (Hon, Bloom and Crant 2014). The servicing customers of JKL are the business organisations which buy spare parts and obtain servicing from them. This group also includes business organisations using trucks of other companies as well (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The apex management and the HR manager of the JKL Industry should plan a peer guidance session for the employees to deal with their mounting insecurity. The following is the plan for role play for peer management guidance session: Activity 1: The managers and the subordinates should introduce themselves to each other. Activity 2: They should introduce each other to their cultures, traditions and perceptions. Activity 3: The HR department should hold training session about culture and other aspects. The training sessions should include brief about the major cultures and religions in the world. Action/Activity Time frame Person/s responsible Description of the strategy/tactic/rationale for action plan: Resources, if required Managers meeting with employees of their own department 1 day Departmental heads The managers would get to know about the attributes of their team members like their experiences, knowledge, cultural backgrounds and so on. Training rooms Managers meet each other 2 days Apex management Development of interdepartmental coordination. Meeting rooms Inter-departmental employee meetings 3 days Departmental heads Enhanced peer relationship Meeting rooms The HR manager should interact with each employee to know about the perceptions, capabilities and cultural background. He must advocate mutual respect among employees irrespective of designations and departments. He must plan social event between employees which would allow the employees of different culture interact and develop better cultural understanding among themselves. These steps would help in reducing manager and employee conflicts and create a calmer environment among employees in the organisation. The managers should be encouraged to develop a more receptive and cooperative attitude towards employees (Kraidy 2017). The HR manager at JKL Industry should adjust his personal style of communication to meet the emotional and technical needs of the employees. He should be cooperative and understanding to the needs of the employees. As far the technical aspects of communication are concerned, the HR manager at JKL should adjust his communication style to the needs of the individual employees. For example, for employees who are not very tech-friendly, the HR manager should opt for face-to-face meetings to deal with their insecurities (Zahariadis and Exadaktylos 2016). The HR manager should ensure that the JKL follows the relevant legislations like Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 (Commonwealth). The next procedure which he can adopt to reduce and manage organisational conflict is that he should train the employees and enhance their skills. This would enhance their competencies that would enable them to perform highly, thus helping their managers to achieve high level department performances. The third procedure which the HR managers should adopt to minimise employee conflict is enhanced interaction and teamwork among employees (legislation.gov.au 2018). The HR manager should adopt the strategy of holding meetings with the managers and the employees to recognise the root causes of the conflicts between them. Then they must collaborate with each other to resolve or at least minimise the conflicts. The HR manager should collaborate with all the managers and their subordinates to develop an action plan to resolve issues like lack of cultural intelligence among the different teams as mentioned above. They should form a list of activities along with the time within they have to be achieved along with the person responsible and the description of tasks as shown in the appendix shown above (Hon, Bloom and Crant 2014). The role play of the HR manager at JKL should continue for a week. The place of the role play would be the training or any external venue arranged to enforce more social interaction between employees across departments (Zahariadis and Exadaktylos 2016). References: Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Cahn, D.D. and Abigail, R.A., 2014.Managing conflict through communication. Pearson. Cascio, W., 2018.Managing human resources. McGraw-Hill Education. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson.. Hon, A.H., Bloom, M. and Crant, J.M., 2014. Overcoming resistance to change and enhancing creative performance.Journal of Management,40(3), pp.919-941. Karlsen, R., 2015. Followers are opinion leaders: The role of people in the flow of political communication on and beyond social networking sites.European Journal of Communication,30(3), pp.301-318. Kraidy, M., 2017.Hybridity, or the cultural logic of globalization. Temple University Press. Legislation.gov.au. 2018.Racial Discrimination Act 1975. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00014 [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Rice, M.F., 2015.Diversity and public administration. ME Sharpe. Trax, M., Brunow, S. and Suedekum, J., 2015. Cultural diversity and plant-level productivity.Regional Science and Urban Economics,53, pp.85-96. Zahariadis, N. and Exadaktylos, T., 2016. Policies that succeed and programs that fail: Ambiguity, conflict, and crisis in Greek higher education.Policy Studies Journal,44(1), pp.59-82.